^{Version 6.4.2017}

 

Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg

Battle of

Gettysburg (1.-3.7.1863)

 

zusammengestellt von

Eberhard Ref

 

 

 

Vorgeschichte und Vormarsch bis zur Schlacht von Gettysburg:

 

Bei der Entscheidung über die Invasion Lee's in Pennsylvania im Sommer 1863 äußerte Präsident Davis Zweifel an der Richtigkeit dieses Angriffs und wurde hierbei von Postmeister General John H. *Reagan unterstützt. Zuletzt schlossen sich beide jedoch der Mehrheitsmeinung an (vgl. Coddington: Gettysburg Campaign, a.a.O., S. 7; a.A. Freeman: Robert E. Lee, a.a.O., vol. III, 19)).

 

Nach der Schlacht von Chancellorsville bestand für Lee‘s Army of Northern Virginia nach dem Tod Stonewall Jackson‘s die Notwen­digkeit der Nachfolge, in deren Zusammenhang General Lee eine Neugliederung seiner Truppen von zwei Corps mit je 4 Infanterie­divisionen in drei Corps mit je drei Divisionen (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 5). Als Grund gab Lee gegenüber Ambrose Powell Hill bei dessen Ernennung zum Kommandeur des neuen Corps an, daß die vorherige Gliederung durch ihre Corpsgröße von je 30000 ungeeignet für das bewaldete Gelände sei, in dem die Army of Northern Virginia künftig operieren solle und daß nur eine kleinere Corpsgröße die erforderliche bewegliche Führung ermögliche (vgl. Freeman: Lee‘s Lieutenants, a.a.O., vol. II, S. 696; Coddington: Gettysburg Campaign, a.a.O., S. 11). Den gleichen Grund benannte Lee in einem Brief an Präsident Davis vom 20.5.1863 (vgl. OR 25 II 810).

 

Problematisch war die Auswahl geeigneter Offiziere für das II. und III. Corps, da außer Longstreet, der das I. Corps führte, keiner der geeigneten Kandidaten Ewell, A. P. Hill Erfahrungen als Korpskommandeur besassen und auch nicht direkt unter Lee eingesetzt ge­wesen waren (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 5).

 

Lee hielt einen Feldzug nach Pennsylvania für erforderlich für die Versorgung der Armee; einen Vorstoß gegen Hooker vor Washing­ton hielt er für ungeeignet, da sich Hooker jederzeit auf das stark verteidigte Washington zurückziehen konnte und das ausgeplünder­te Gebiet im nördlichen Virginia keine ausreichenden Vorräte für die Army of Northern Virginia besaß (vgl. Freeman: Robert E. Lee, a.a.O., vol. III, S. 19); Henry Heth schilderte die problematische Versorgungslage später: “It is very difficult for anyone not connec­ted with the Army of Northern Virginia to realize how straitened we were for supplies of all kind, especially food” (vgl. Heth, Henry: "Letter from Major General Henry Heth of A. P. Hill's Corps, A.N.V."; SHSP, vol. 4 (1877), S. 151 ff, 153).

 

Durch eine Vorstoß nach Pennsylvania hoffte Lee auch auf einen Stimmungsumschwung im Norden, eine indirekte Unterstützung der “Peace Democrats”, um hierdurch die US-Regierung an den Verhandlungstisch zu zwingen (vgl. Freeman: Robert E. Lee, a.a.O., vol. III, S. 19).

 

 

Kritik am Vorgehen Lee's:

Das Vorgehen Lee's in der Gettysburg Campaign wird teilweise hart kritisiert.

 

The Gettysburg campaign was a strategic mistake, because of the inevitable casualties that the Army of Northern Virginia could not afford (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg; in: Gallagher: The First Day at Gettysburg. Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership , a.a.O., S. 12). Durch die hierdurch bewirkten, vorhersehbaren Verluste, verlor die Army of Northern Virginia die Capa­city to maneuver und es erhöhte sich die Gefahr in die Belagerung von Richmond getrieben zu werden (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 11). Indeed, Lee demonstrated in 1864 the feasibility of the grand strategy of the defense. Had he adop­ted the defensive earlier he would have had available a reasonable portion of the more than 100000 officers and men that he had lost in the offensives in 1862 and 1863. With these larger numbers he could have maintained mobility and avoided a siege. The Federal manpower superiority would also have been less significant, as evidenced by what happened in Grant's overland campaign in 1864/65 (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 10).

 

Hinzu kommt die „defective execution“. The fact is, that Lee proceeded at Gettysburg without essential control of his army in three crucial respects: reconnaissance, the onset of the battle, and the renewal of the battle on the afternoon of July I (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 12).

 

Weiterhin wird die ungenügende Befehlsgebung Lee's an Jeb Stuart kritisiert (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 17) und dessen widersprüchliche Aufgabenstellung an Stuart (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 19). Auch wird kritisiert die fehlende Weisung an Stuart, wo er auf die CS-Armee treffen solle, die sich seit dem Abmarsch von Stuart ihrerseits nach Norden bewegte. Woher sollte Stuart also wissen, wo und wann er wieder auf Lee's Army treffen solle !? (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 19). Stuart konnte nur aus US-Zeitungen den Verbleib der CS-Army ermitteln, nachdem sich Ewell Corps von Harrisburg und York nach Gettysburg abgesetzt hatte. Erst in der Nacht des 1.7.1863 erhielt er eine Nachricht von Lee mit dem Inhalt, daß sich Army of Northern Virginia nunmehr bei Gettysburg befand (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 20). Außerdem hatte Lee weitere 3 Cavalry Brigaden zur Verfügung, die er zur Aufklärung der Army of the Potomac hätte einsetzen können, nämlich Imboden's, B. H. Robertson' und W. E. Jones' Brigades. Es sind keine Gründe ersichtlich, warum Lee sich am 28.6.1863 bei Chambersburg befand, ohne ein einziges Regiment Kavallerie und ohne jegliche Aufklärung. This failure was essentially Lee's fault (vgl. Nolan: „R. E. Lee and July I at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 20).

 

 

zur Longstreet-Kontroverse wegen Lee's Angriff bei Gettysburg:

" The transfiguration of James Longstreet's historical image from scapegoat to Confederate hero has been remarcable. Until the 1974 publication of Michael Shaara's 'Killer Angels', most Civil War enthusiasts and historians saw James Longstreet as a villain. He was disloyal, Lee's Judas, a man who lost Gettysburg because of his seditious ways, and thus the South's best chance for independence. This damning interpretation surfaced in the 1870's with the Lost Cause writings of Jubal A. Early and William N. *Pendleton. Their criticism drew not so much from Longstreet's battlefield performance, but from their postwar criticisms of Lee and his allegiance to the Republican Party. In many ways, Longstreet was his own worst enemy. He wildly exaggerated his contributions to the Army of Northern Virginia, often at the expense of Lee and his fellow officers. He even characterized Lee as a general who relished a good bloodletting on the battlefield. .. Confederates of all ranks eagerly joined the Longstreet witch-hunt, waging a bitter and malicious campaign that ultimately destroyed the general's military record. Only a few ex-Confederates challenged the anti-Longstreet crusade. Next to the famous First Corps artillerist Edward Porter Alexander (vgl. Alexander, Edward Porter: Fighting for the Confederacy. The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher [Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989], Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik82) Gilbert Moxley Sorrel stands as Longstreet's most important defender." (Carmichael, Pe­ter S.: Introduction zu Sorrel: "At the right hand of Longstreet", a.a.O., S. vii).

 

Bereits in einem Brief vom 24.7.1863 an seinen Onkel A. B. Longstreet äußerste Longstreet eine ablehnende Haltung gegenüber Lee's Feldzugsplan. Longstreet teilt seine strategische Ansicht mit: "My idea was to throw ourselves between the enemy and Wa­shington, select a strong position, and force the enemy to attack us" (vgl. Annals of the War, a.a.O., S. 414).

 

vgl. hierzu zusammenfassend: Coddington: Gettysburg Campaign, a.a.O., S. 9 ff mit S. 601n14

 

 

 

 

Gliederung:

 

 

Gliederung US-Truppen Army of the Potomac:

George G. Meade

 

Headquarters:

im Leister House

 

Command Provost Marshall-General: Marsena R. Patrick

- 93rd New York Infantry: Col John S. Crocker

+++ (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg: The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 443).

 

 

Advance (Left Wing) MajGen John F. *Reynolds † 1.7.1863; Winfield S. Hancock; Abner D. Doubleday

I Army Corps, III Corps, XI Army Corps;

 

Hancock wurde am 1.7.1863 der Oberfehl über die drei Army Corps übertragen (vgl. Sauers: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Contro­versy, a.a.O., S. 20)

Stabsmitglieder:

Major William G. *Mitchell

 

 

I Army Corps

(MajGen John F. *Reynolds † 1.7.1863; MajGen Abner *Doubleday, MajGen John Newton):

 

MajGen Doubleday übernahm vorübergehend nach dem Tod von MajGen Reynolds die Führung des I Army Corps am 1.7.1863 (vgl. Sauers: Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 21), und wurde am 2.7.1863 von MajGen John Newton abgelöst (vgl. Sauers: Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 31), da ihm MajGen Meade aus unbekannten Gründen die Führung des Corps nicht zutraute (vgl. Martin: Gettysburg,a.a.O., S. 482)

 

Korpsstab:

Major William *Riddle; Captain Edward C. *Baird; Captain Robert W. *Mitchell; Captain Joseph G. *Rosengarten; Captain Stephen M. *Weld; Lt Meredith *Jones

 

Headquarters:

- 1st Maine Cavalry, Co. L, Captain Constantine Taylor

 

- 1st Division BrigGen James S. Wadsworth

- Divisionsstab: LtCol John A. *Kress; Captain T. E. *Ells-

worth; Captain Craig W. *Wadsworth; Lt Clayton *Rogers

- 1st Brigade (Iron Brigade): Solomon Meredith, William W. Robinson

- Stab: Captain James D. *Wood; Lt Gilbert M. *Woodward

- 19th Indiana Col Samuel J. Williams

- 24th Michigan Col Henry A. Morrow, Captain Albert M. Edwards

- 2nd Wisconsin Col Lucius Fairchild, Captain George H. Otis

- 6th Wisconsin Col Rufus R. Dawes

- 7th Wisconsin Col William W. Robinson; Major Mark Finnicum

- 2nd Brigade BrigGen Lysander *Cutler

- 7th Indiana Infantry Col Ira G. *Grover

- 76th New York Infantry Major Andrew J. *Grover; Capt. John E. Cook

- 84th New York Infantry (14th New York Militia) Col Edward B. Fowler

- 95th New York Infantry Col George H. *Biddle, Major Edward *Pye

- 147th New York Infantry LtCol Francis C. *Miller

- 56th Pennsylvania Infantry (nine companies) Col J. William Hofmann

 

- 2nd Division BrigGen John C. Robinson

- 1st Brigade BrigGen Gabriel R. Paul

- 2nd Brigade BrigGen Henry Baxter

- 12th Massachusetts Infantry Col James L. Bates, LtCol David Allen, jr.

- 83rd New York Infantry (9th New York Militia) LtCol Joseph A. Moesch

- 97th New York Infantry Col Charles Wheelock; Major Charles Northrup

- 11th Pennsylvania Infantry Col Richard Coulter, Capt Benjamin F. Haines, Capt John B. Overmyer

- 88th Pennsylvania Infantry Major Benezet F. *Foust, Capt Henry Whiteside

- 90th Pennsylvania Infantry Col Peter Lyle, Major Alfred S. Sellers, Col Peter Lyle

 

- 3rd Division BrigGen Thomas A. Rowley; MajGen Abner Doubleday

- 1st Brigade Col Chapman Biddle (w), BrigGen Thomas A. Rowley

- 2nd Brigade Col Roy Stone (w), Col Langhorne Wister (w), Col Edmund L. Dana

- 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Col Edmund L. Dana, LtCol John D. Musser

- 149th Pennsylvania Infantry LtCol Wallace Dwight (w), Captain James Glenn

- 150th Pennsylvania Infantry Col Langhorne Wister, LtCol Hery S. Hiudecoper (w), Captain Cornelius C. Widdis

- 3rd Brigade BrigGen George J. Stannard (w), Col Francis V. Randall

 

 

- Artillery:

 

 

 

II. Army Corps (Winfield S. Hancock; John Gibbon):

Stabsoffiziere: Col Charles H. Morgan; Major William G. *Mitchell; Captain Israel B. *Parker

 

Nachdem MajGen Hancock am 1.7.1863 der Oberfehl über die drei Army Corps des rechten US-Flügels (I Army Corps, III Corps, XI Army Corps) übertragen worden war, übernahm Gibbon die Führung des II Army Corps (vgl. Sauers: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 20)

 

Headquarter-Truppen:

- 6th New York Cavalry, Co. d and K, Captain Riley Johnson

 

- 1st Division BrigGen John C. Caldwell

- 1st Brigade Col Edward C. Cross (k); Col H. Boyd

McKeen

- 5th New Hampshire Infantry LtCol Charles E. *Hap-

good

- 61st New York Infantry LtCol K. Oscar *Broady

- 81st Pennsylvania Infantry Col H. Boyd McKeen,

LtCol Amos *Stroh

- 148th Pennsylvania Infantry LtCol Robert *McFar-

lane

 

- 2nd Brigade Col Patrick *Kelly

- 28th Massachusetts Infantry Col Richard Byrnes

- 63nd New York Infantry (2 Co.'s) LtCol Richard C.

Bentley (w), Capt. Thomas Touhy

- 69th

- 2nd Division John Gibbon, William Harrow

- 3rd Division Alexander Hays

- 3rd Brigade BrigGen Alexander *Hays

- 14th Indiana Infantry Col John *Coons

- 4th Ohio Infantry LtCol Leonard W. *Carpenter

- 8th Ohio Infantry LtCol Franklin *Sawyer

- 7th West Virginia Infantry LtCol Jonathan H. *Lockwood

 

 

III Army Corps Daniel E. Sickles; David B. Birney:

- 1st Division David B. Birney; J. H. Hobart

- 1st Brigade: BrigGen Charles K. Graham

- 2nd Brigade BrigGen J. H. Hobart Ward

- 3rd Brigade Col P. Regis de Trobriand

- 17th Maine Infantry LtCol Charles B. Merril

- 3rd Michigan Infantry Col Byron R. Pierce; LtCol

Edwin S. Pierce

- 5th Michigan Infantry LtCol John Pulford

- 40th New York Infantry Col Thomas W. Egan

- 110 Pennsylvania Infantry (6 Co's) LtCol David M.

Jones, Major Isaac Rogers

 

- 2nd Division Andrew A. Humphreys

- 1st Brigade: BrigGen Joseph B. Carr

- 2nd Brigade Col William R. Brewster

- 3rd Brigade Col George C. *Burling

- 2nd New Hampshire Infantry Col Edward L. Bailey

- 5th New Jersey Infantry Col William J. Sewell,

Captain Thomas J. Godfrey, Captain Henry H. Woolsey

- 6th New Jersey Infantry LtCol Stephen R. Gilkyson

- 7th New Jersey Infantry Col Louis R. Francine, Major Frederick Cooper

- 8th New Jersey Infantry Col John Ramsey, Captain John G. *Langston

- 115th Pennsylvania Infantry Major John P. Dunne

 

- Artillery Brigade Captain George E. Randolph; Captain

A. Judson Clark

 

V. Army Corps George Sykes

Headquarters:

- 12th New Infantry Co. D und E; Captain Henry W.

Rider

- 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Co. D und H, Captain Willi- am Thompson

 

- 1st Division James Barnes

- 2nd Division Romeyn B. Ayres

- 3rd Division Samuel W. Crawford (umfaßte nur 2 Briga-

den)

- 1st Brigade Col William McCandless

 

- 3rd Brigade Col. Joseph W. Fisher

 

VI Army Corps John Sedgwick

- 1st Division Horatio G. Wright

- 2nd Division Albion P. Howe

- 3rd Division John Newton †; Frank Wheaton

- 1st Brigade BrigGen Alexander Shaler

- 65th New York Infantry Col Joseph E. Hamblin

 

 

XI Army Corps Oliver O. Howard; Carl Schurz

 

Korpsstab:

Major Charles *Howard, Lt F. W. *Galbreath

 

- 1st Division Francis C. Barlow; Adelbert Ames

- 2nd Division Adolph von Steinwehr

- 3rd Division Carl Schurz

 

Urkunden/Literatur

- **Hartwig, D. Scott: „The 11th Army Corps on July 1, 1863,“ Gettysburg Magazine, 2 (1990), 33-49

 

 

XII Army Corps Henry W. Slocum; Alpheus S. Williams

- 1st Division Alpheus S. Williams; Thomas H. Ruger

- 1st Brigade Col Archibald L. McDougall

- 5th Connecticut Infantry Col Warren W. Packer

- 20th Connecticut Infantry LtCol William B. Wooster

- 3rd Maryland Infantry Col Joseph M. Sudsburg

- 123rd New York Infantry LtCol James C. Rogers, Captain Adolphus H. Tanner

- 145th New York Infantry Col. E. Livingston Price

- 46th Pennsylvania Infantry Col James L. Selfridge

- 2nd Brigade BrigGen Henry H. Lockwood

- 1st Maryland Potomac Home Brigade Col William P. Maulsby

- 1st Maryland Eastern Shore Col James Wallace

- 150th New York Infantry Col John H. Ketcham

- 3rd Brigade BrigGen Thomas H. Ruger, Col Silas Colgrove

- 27th Indiana Infantry Col Silas Colgrove, LtCol John R. Fesler

- 2nd Massachusetts Infantry LtCol Charles R. Mudge (k), Major Charles F. Morse

- 13th New York Infantry Col Ezra A. Carman

- 107th New York Infantry Col Nirom M. Crane

- 3rd Wisconsin Infantry Col. William Hawley

 

- 2nd Division John W. Geary

 

Cavalry Corps Alfred Pleasonton

- 1st Division John Buford

- 1st Cavalry Brigade Col William Gamble:

- 8th Illinois Cavalry Maj John L. Beveridge

- 12th Illinois Cavalry (4 Co’s) Col George H. Chapman

- 3rd Indiana Cavalry (6 Co’s) Col George H. Chapman

- 8th New York Cavalry LtCol William L. Markell

 

- 2nd Cavalry Brigade Col Thomas C. *Devin

- 6th New York Cavalry Major William E. Beardsley

- 9th New York Cavalry Col William Sackett

- 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry Col J. H. Kellog

- 3rd West Virginia Cavalry (2 Co's) Captain Seymour

B. Conger

 

- Reserve Brigade BrigGen Wesley Merritt

- 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Major James H. Haseltine

- 1st US Cavalry Captain Richard S. C. Lord

- 2nd US Cavalry Captain T. F. Rodenbough

- 5th US Cavalry Captain Julius W. Mason

- 6th US Cavalry Major Samuel H. Starr, Lt Louis H.

Carpenter, Lt Nicholas Nolan, Captain Ira W. Claflin

 

- Artillery:

- Battery A 2nd US Artillery Lt John *Calef

 

- 2nd Division David McMurtrie Gregg

 

- 3rd Division Judson Kilpatrick

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gliederung CS-Truppen Army of Northern Virginia:

vgl. B & L III S. 437 ff

 

Armeestab:

Col Armistead L. *Long, Major Charles *Marshall

 

 

I Army Corps: LtGen James Longstreet:

 

- 1st Division (McLaws's Division) MajGen Lafayette McLaws

- Kershaw's Brigade: BrigGen Joseph B. Kershaw

- 2nd South Carolina Col J. D. Kennedy (w), LtCol F. Gaillard

- 3rd South Carolina Major R. C. Maffett, Col J. D. Nance

- 7th South Carolina Col D. Wyarr Aiken

- 8th South Carolina Col J. W. Henagan

- 15th South Carolina Col W. G. De Saussure (k), Major William M. Gist

- 3rd South Carolina Battalion LtCol W. G. Rice

- Semmes Brigade

- Barkdale's Brigade

- Wofford's Brigade

- Artillery Battalion

 

- 2nd Division (Pickett's Division)

- 1st Brigade (Garnett's Brigade) BrigGen Richard B. Garnett (k), Major Charles S. Peyton

- 8th Virginia Col Eppa Hunton (w)

- 18th Virginia LtCol H. A. Carrinton (w)

- 19th Virginia Col Henry Gantt (w), LtCol John T. Ellis (k)

- 28th Virginia Col R. C. Allen (k), LtCol William Watts

- 56th Virginia Col W. D. Stuart ( m w), LtCol P. P. Slaughter

 

- 2nd Brigade (Armistead): BrigGen Lewis Armistead

- 9th Virginia: Maj H.C. Owens (k)

- 14th Virginia: Col. James G. Hodges (k), LtCol William White

- 38th Virginia: Col. E. C. Edmonds (k), LtCol P. B. Whittle

- 53rd Virginia: Col. W. R. Aylett (w)

- 57th Virginia: Col. John Bowie Magruder (k)

 

- 3rd Brigade (Kemper): BrigGen James Kemper (wounded and captured), Col Joseph Mayo jr. (w)

- 1st Virginia: Col. Lewis B. Williams (w), LtCol F. G. Skinner

- 3rd Virginia: Col. Joseph Majo jr. (übernahm die Brigade), LtCol A. D. Callicote (k)

- 7th Virginia: Col. W. T. Patton (k), LtCol C. C. Flowerree

- 11th Virginia: Maj. Kirkwood Otey (w)

- 24th Virginia: Col. William R. Terry (w)

 

- 3rd Division (Hood's Division) MajGen John B. Hood (w), BrigGen Evander McIver Law

-1st Brigade BrigGen Evander McIver Law (übernahm die Division); Col James L. Sheffield

- 4th Alabama Infantry LtCol L. H. Scruggs

- 15th Alabama Infantry Col William C. Oates, Capt. B. A. Hill

- 44th Alabama Infantry Col William Flake Perry

- 47th Alabama Infantry Col James Washington Jackson

- 48th Alabama Infantry Col James Lawrence Sheffield

- 2nd Brigade BrigGen George Thomas “Tige” Anderson

 

- 3rd Brigade BrigGen Jerome B. Robertson

- 3rd Arkansas Infantry

- 1st Texas Infantry

- 4th Texas Infantry

- 5th Texas Infantry

 

- 4th Brigade BrigGen Henry Lewis Benning

 

 

II. Army Corps: LtGen Richard S. Ewell:

 

- Escort:

 

- 1st Division MajGen Jubal A. Early

- 1st Brigade BrigGen Harry T. Hays

- 5th Louisiana Infantry Major Alexander Hart, Captain T. H. Biscoe

- 6th Louisiana Infantry LtCol Joseph Hanlon

- 7th Louisiana Infantry Col D. B. Penn

- 8th Louisiana Infantry Col T. D. Lewis, LtCol A. de Blanc, Major G. A. Lester

- 9th Louisiana Infantry Col Leroy A. Stafford

 

- 2nd Brigade BrigGen William Smith

 

- 3rd Brigade (Hoke’s Brigade) Col Isaac E Avery

 

- 4th Brigade BrigGen James B. *Gordon

- 13th Georgia Infantry Col James M. Smith

- 26th Georgia Infantry Col E. N. Atkinson

- 31st Georgia Infantry Col Clement A. Evans

- 38th Georgia Captain William L. McLeod

- 60th Georgia Infantry Captain W. B. Jones

- 61st Georgia Infantry Col James H. Lamar

 

- Artillery LtCol H. P. Jones

 

- 2nd Division MajGen Edward Johnson (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 460):

 

- Steuart’s Brigade BrigGen George H. Steuart

- 1st Maryland Battalion Infantry LtCol J. R. Herbert; Major W. W. *Goldsborough; Captain J. P. Crane

- 1st North Carolina Infantry LtCol A. H. Brown

- 3rd North Carolina Infantry Major W. W. Parsley

- 10th Virginia Infantry Col E. T. H. *Warren

- 23rd Virginia Infantry LtCol Simon T. *Walton

- 37th Virginia Infantry Major H. C. *Wood

 

- Nicholl’s Brigade Col J. M. Williams

- 1st Louisiana Infantry Captain E. D. *Willett

- 2nd Louisiana Infantry LtCol R. E. *Burke

- 10th Louisiana Infantry Major T. L. *Powell

- 14th Louisiana Infantry LtCol David *Zable

- 15th Louisiana Infantry Major Andrew *Brady

 

- Stonewall Brigade BrigGen James A. Walker

 

- Jones Brigade BrigGen John M. Jones

 

 

- 3rd Division MajGen R. E. Rodes

 

- Artillery Reserve

 

 

III. Army Corps: LtGen Ambrose P. Hill:

 

- 1st Division (Andersons's Division) MajGen Richard H. Anderson:

- 1st Brigade BrigGen Cadmus M. Wilcox

- 8th Alabama Infantry LtCol Hilary A. Herbert

- 9th Alabama Infantry Capt. J. H. King (w)

- 10th Alabama Infantry Col William H. Forney (w and c); LtCol James E. Shelley

- 11th Alabama Infantry Col J. C. C. Sauders (w); LtCol George E. Tayloe

- 14th Alabama Infantry Col L. Pinckard (w); LtCol James A. Broome

 

- 2nd Brigade BrigGen William Mahone

- 6th Virginia Infantry Col George T. Rogers

- 12th Virginia Infantry Col D. A. Weisiger

- 16th Virginia Infantry Col Joseph H. Ham

- 41st Virginia Infantry Col William A. Parham

- 61st Virginia Infantry Col V. D. Groner

 

- 3rd Brigade BrigGen Ambrose R. Wright; Col William Gibson; BrigGen Ambrose R. Wright

- 3rd Georgia Infantry Col E. J. Walker

- 22nd Georgia Infantry Col Joseph Wasden (k); Capt. B. C, McCurry

- 48th Georgia Infantry Col William Gibson; Captain M. R. Hall; Col William Gibson (w and c)

- 2nd Georgia Battalion Major George W. Ross (mortally wounded)

 

- 4th Brigade (Perry's Brigade) Col David Lang

- 2nd Florida Infantry Major W. R. Moore (w and c);

++++

 

- 2nd Division (Heth's Division: MajGen Henry Heth (w); BrigGen J. Johnston Pettigrew (w)

- 1st Brigade BrigGen J. Johnston Pettigrew; Col James K. Marshall (w and c)

- 11th North Carolina Infantry Col Colett Leventhorpe (w)

- 26th North Carolina Infantry Col Henry K. Burgwyn, Jr. (k); Capt. H. C. Albright

- 47th North Carolina Infantry Col G. H. Faribault (w)

- 52nd North Carolina Infantry Col James K. Marshall; LtCol Marcus A. Parks (w)

 

- 2nd Brigade Col J. M. Brockenbrough

 

- 3rd Brigade BrigGen James J. Archer

- 13th Alabama Infantry Col B. D. Fry

- 5th Alabama Infantry Battalion Major A. S. Van de Graaff

- 1st Tennessee Infantry (Provisional Army) Major Felix G. Buchanan

- 7th Tennessee Infantry LtCol S. G. Shepard

- 14th Tennessee Infantry Captain B. L. Philipps

 

- 4th Brigade BrigGen Joseph R. Davis

- 2nd Mississippi Infantry Col J. M. Stone

- 11th Mississippi Infantry Col F. M. Green

- 42nd Mississippi Infantry Col H. R. Miller

- 55th North Carolina Infantry Col J. K. Connally

 

- Artillerie LtCol John J. *Garnett

- Donaldsonville (Louisiana) Artillery Captain Victor *Maurin

- Huger (Virginia) Artillery Captain Joseph D. Moore

- Lewis (Virginia) Artillery Captain John W. Lewis

- Norfolk Light Artillery Blues Captain C. R. Grandy

 

- 3rd Division MajGen William D. Pender

 

 

- Artillery Reserve Col R. Lindsay Walker

- McIntosh's Battalion

- Pegram's Artillery Battalion Major William J. *Pegram

- Crenshaw Virginia Battery

- Fredericksburg (Virginia) Artillery Captain Edward

- A. *Marye (auch als Marye's Fredericksburg Artillery bezeichnet)

- Letcher (Virginia) Artillery Captain T. A. Brander

- Pee Dee (South Carolina) Artillery Lt William E. Zimmermann

- Purcell (Virginia) Artillery Captain Joseph McGraw

 

 

Cavalry Corps: MajGen Jeb Stuart

1863 während der Gettysburg Campaign wurde Stuart’s Cavalry erheblich verstärkt und um vier Brigaden auf sechs Brigaden erwei­tert (vgl. Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 29). Stuart’s Cavalry Division umfaßte nunmehr folgende Brigaden (vgl. Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 17-18):

- Hamptons Brigade

- Fitz Lee’s Brigade

- Rooney Lee’s Brigade

- Robertson’s Brigade

- Jones’s Brigade

- Jenkin’s Brigade BrigGen Albert G. *Jenkins

- 14th Virginia Cavalry Col James Cochran, Major B. F.

Eakle, Captain Edwin E. *Bouldin

- 16th Virginia Cavalry

- Horse Artillery Battalion

 

Der Divisionsstab bestand aus folgenden Offizieren (vgl. Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 32-33):

- Major Henry C. *McCellan, Adjutant General

- Captain William W. *Blackford, Chief Engineer und Division Cartographer

- Captain John Eston *Cooke, Chief of Ordnance

- Major Johann August Heinrich Heros von *Borcke, Stabschef

 

Die Division umfaßte folgende Brigaden und Regimenter (vgl. Longacre, The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 17):

- Fitz Lee's Brigade

- Hampton's Brigade

- W. H. F. Lee's Brigade

- Jenkin's Brigade

- Robertson's Brigade BrigGen Beverly H. Robertson

- 4th North Carolina Cavalry Col D. D. Ferebee

- 5th North Carolina Cavalry

- ++++

- Jones Brigade BrigGen William E. "Grumble" Jones

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wetter:

 

1.7.1863:

the morning was cloudy and gloomy (vgl. Coffin: Nine Month to Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 186); „about 11 AM … drenching storm and more than an ankle deep in water“ (Angabe von Pvt William Henry *Jackson, Stannard's Brigade; zitiert bei Coffin: Nine Month to Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 186). The forenoon was misty and rainy, but later the sun came out, and during the afternoon the heat was oppresive (vgl. Coffin: Nine Month to Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 187).

 

2.7.1863:

Sonnenaufgang um 4:15 A.M.; Cover of Clouds, Stratocumulus-Wolken; Roter Sonnenaufgang. Temperatur um 7:00 A.M. betrug 74° F (~ 23,3 °C), mit einer milder Brise aus Süden (vgl. Jacobs, a.a.O.; Smith, J. L.: 118th Pennsylvania, a.a.O., S. 238).

 

 

4.7.1863

Am 4.7.1863 kam es zu schweren Regenfällen in der Gegend von Gettysburg, am Abend waren 11/3 Inch Niederschläge zu verzeich­nen.. Am 5.7.1863 ließ der Regen nach; es kam jedoch zu einer Serie von Regenschauern.

 

 

Literatur:

- Elmore, Thomas L.: "A Meteorological and Astronomical Chronology of Gettysburg Campaign". Gettysburg: Historical Articles of Lasting Interest

- Jacobs, Michael (Professor Pennsylvania [Gettysburg] College; vgl. Pfanz: Second Day, a.a.O., S. 58): „Meteorology of the Battle.“ Gettysburg Star ans Sentinel, 11. August 1885

- Smith, John L.: comp. History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, Corn Exchange Regiment (Philadelphia: J. L. Smith, Publis­her, 1905), S. 238

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Juli 1863

 

 

Meade erreicht Gettysburg und erste Erkundung:

Captain William H. Paine, Mitglied im Stab der Potomac Army, beschaffte einen zivilen Führer, der General Meade in Begleitung ei­niger Stabsoffiziere und von Captain Paine in der Nacht vom 1.7 zum 2.7.1863 von Taneytown nach Gettysburg in einem Galoppritt führte (vgl. Sauers: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 29; Paine, Diary, Eintrag vom 1.7.1863). Paine begleitete General Meade nach der Ankunft westlich des Schlachtfeldes auf einem ersten Erkundungsritt, der auf den Cemetary Hill und dann nach Süden entlang der Frontlinie bis an den Rand des Little Round Top führte (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 58; Sauers: The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 30; Paine, William H.: Brief an Col. Meade vom 20.5.1866; OR 27 [1]: 349; Paine, William H.: Brief an Lyman vom 27.6.1877).

 

Paine war ein sehr schneller und ausgezeichneter Topograph. Er legte eine Schreibunterlage auf seinen Sattel und zeichnete im Rei­ten. Er besaß gute Kenntnisse des lithographischen Prozesses und hatte seine Mitarbeiter hierin geschult. So konnte er eine Karte in­nerhalb eines Tages produzieren, wozu andere Kartographen 3 Wochen benötigten (vgl. Sauers: The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 167 Anm. 6). Paine zeichnete am frühen Morgen des 2.7.1863 eine Karte der US-Stellungen und des Geländes von Gettys­burg bei Meade's ersten Erkundungsritt am frühen Morgen noch vor Sonnenaufgang, die kopiert wurde und den Corps-Kommandeu­ren, die keine *Karten besassen (!), zur Verfügung gestellt wurde (vgl. Sauers: The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 30 und S. 167 Anm. 6). Die Potomac Army verfügte über keine geeigneten Karten von Pennsylvania (!), weshalb *Warren Lt. Washington A. Roebling nach Trenton, New Jersey schicken mußte, dessen Vater John Roebling eine topographische Karte von Pennsylvania besaß (vgl. Sauers: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 12 und S. 28 Anm. 165; Steinman, D. B.: Builders of the Bridge: The Story of John Roebling and his Son [New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945] S. 258; s. auch *Warren, Gouverneur Kemble).

 

Meade traf auf seinem ersten Erkundungsritt nach seiner Ankunft in der Nacht auf dem 2.7.1863 in den frühen Morgenstunden auf dem Cemetary Hill gegen 3:00 A.M. im Divisionshauptquartier der 3rd Division auf BrigGen George J. *Stannard (3rd Brigade [2nd Vermont Brigade] 3rd Division Thomas A. Rowley 1st Army Corps Abner Doubleday). Stannard hatte Dienst als Night's General Field Officer der 3rd Division, und gab Meade einen Lagebericht (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 58; *Paine, William H.: Brief an Col. Meade vom 20.5.1866; Gettysburg Letterbook. George Gordon Meade Collection. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia).

 

Meade ritt anschließend auf dem Culp‘s Hill zum XI Army Corps. Whitelaw *Reid, Korrespondent der Cincinnati Gazette in Wa­shington (seine Berichte unterzeichnete er mit "Agate") befand sich in den Nachtstunden am frühen Morgen des 2.7.1863 auf dem Culp's Hill und beobachtete das Eintreffen von Meade mit Entourage beim Hauptquartier des XI. Corps von MajGen Oliver O. *Ho­ward (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 59).

 

 

Literatur:

- Paine, William H.: Papers und Diary, New York Historical Society, New York

- Paine, William H.: Brief an Col. Meade vom 20.5.1866; Gettysburg Letterbook. George Gordon Meade Collection. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

- Paine, William H.: Brief an Lyman vom 27.6.1877; Copy in Warren, Gouverneur Kemble: G. K. Warren Papers, New York State Li­brary, Albany / New York (Zitat nach Sauers: Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 167 Anm. 6)

 

 

 

 

Literatur von Teilnehmern der Schlacht:

- Hunt, Henry J.: "The Second Day at Gettysburg"; in: Battles & Leaders, 3:290-313

- Paine, William H.: Papers und Diary, New York Historical Society, New York

- Paine, William H.: Brief an Col. Meade vom 20.5.1866; Gettysburg Letterbook. George Gordon Meade Collection. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

 

 

Literatur:

- Pfanz, Harry W.: Gettysburg. The Second Day (University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik50/10

- Sauers, Richard J.: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Controversy (Brassey's Inc.: Washington DC, 2003), Bibliothek Ref MilAmeri­k50/11

 

 

 

 

Literatur von Teilnehmern der Schlacht:

- Hunt, Henry J.: "The Second Day at Gettysburg"; in: Battles & Leaders, 3:290-313

- Paine, William H.: Papers und Diary, New York Historical Society, New York

- Paine, William H.: Brief an Col. Meade vom 20.5.1866; Gettysburg Letterbook. George Gordon Meade Collection. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

 

 

Literatur:

- Pfanz, Harry W.: Gettysburg. The Second Day (University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik50/10

- Sauers, Richard J.: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Controversy (Brassey's Inc.: Washington DC, 2003), Bibliothek Ref MilAmeri­k50/11

 

 

 

 

 

 

Glossar

 

 

Karten:

Die Potomac Army verfügte über keine geeigneten Karten von Pennsylvania (!), weshalb Chef Topograph und Chief Engineer Maj­Gen Gouverneur Kemble *Warren seinen Untergebenen Lt. Washington A. *Roebling nach Trenton, New Jersey schicken mußte, dessen Vater John Roebling eine topographische Karte von Pennsylvania besaß (vgl. Sauers: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Contro­versy, a.a.O., S. 12 und S. 28 Anm. 165; Steinman, D. B.: Builders of the Bridge: The Story of John Roebling and his Son [New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945] S. 258; McCullough, David: The Great Bridge [New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972] S. 86; s. auch *Warren, Gouverneur Kemble).

 

Captain William H. *Paine, Engineer im Stab der Potomac Army, Abteilung Engineers unter General Gouverneur Kemble *Warren begleitete General Meade nach der Ankunft westlich des Schlachtfeldes auf einem ersten Erkundungsritt, der auf den Cemetary Hill und dann entlang der Frontlinie bis an den Rand des Little Round Top führte (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 58; Paine, William H.: Brief an Col. Meade vom 20.5.1866; OR 27 [1]: 349). Paine war ein sehr schneller und ausgezeichneter Topo­graph. Er legte eine Schreibunterlage auf seinen Sattel und zeichnete im Reiten. Er besaß gute Kenntnisse des lithographischen Pro­zesses und hatte seine Mitarbeiter hierin geschult. So konnte er eine Karte innerhalb eines Tages produzieren, wozu andere Karto­graphen 3 Wochen benötigten (vgl. Sauers: The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 167 Anm. 6). Paine zeichnete am frühen Mor­gen des 2.7.1863 eine Karte der US-Stellungen und des Geländes von Gettysburg bei Meade's ersten Erkundungsritt am frühen Mor­gen noch vor Sonnenaufgang, die kopiert wurde und den Corps-Kommandeuren, die keine Karten besassen (!), zur Verfügung ge­stellt wurde (vgl. Sauers: The Meade-Sickles Controversy, a.a.O., S. 30 und S. 167 Anm. 6). Die Potomac Army verfügte über keine geeigneten Karten von Pennsylvania (!), weshalb *Warren Lt. Washington A. Roebling nach Trenton, New Jersey schicken mußte, dessen Vater John Roebling eine topographische Karte von Pennsylvania besaß (vgl. Sauers: Gettysburg. The Meade-Sickles Contro­versy, a.a.O., S. 12 und S. 28 Anm. 165; Steinman, D. B.: Builders of the Bridge: The Story of John Roebling and his Son [New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945] S. 258; McCullough, David: The Great Bridge [New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972] S. 86; s. auch *Warren, Gouverneur Kemble).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Einzelne Einheiten und ihre Einsätze:

 

 

I. Army Corps:

 

 

1st Division James S. *Wadsworth:

die Division umfaßte:

- 1st Brigade (Iron Brigade): Solomon Meredith, William W. Robinson

- 19th Indiana Col Samuel J. Williams

- 24th Michigan Col Henry A. Morrow, Captain Albert M. Edwards

- 2nd Wisconsin Col Lucius Fairchild, Captain George H. Otis

- 6th Wisconsin Col Rufus R. Dawes

- 7th Wisconsin Col William W. Robinson; Major Mark Finnicum

 

Wadsworth‘s Division war in den frühen Morgenstunden des 2.7.1863 auf der Höhe des Culp‘s Hill mit der Front zur Stadt Gettys­burg eingesetzt. Zum rechten Nachbarn, der *1st Division Alpheus S. Williams XII. Army Corps, war eine Frontlücke. Williams Di­vision lag am frühen Morgen des 2.7.1863 östwärts des Wolf Hill und Wolf Creek (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 59; Karte bei Symonds, a.a.O., S. 44). Meade ritt auf seiner ersten Geländeerkundung nach seinem Eintreffen auf dem Schlachtfeld nach der Erkundung des Cemetary Hill anschließend auf dem Culp‘s Hill zum XI Army Corps. Whitelaw *Reid, Korrespondent der Cincinnati Gazette in Washington (seine Berichte unterzeichnete er mit "Agate") befand sich in den Nachtstunden am frühen Morgen des 2.7.1863 auf dem Culp's Hill und beobachtete das Eintreffen von Meade mit Entourage beim Hauptquartier des XI. Corps von MajGen Oliver O. *Howard (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 59).

 

 

3rd Division Thomas A. *Rowley:

Meade traf auf seinem ersten Erkundungsritt nach seiner Ankunft in der Nacht auf dem 2.7.1863 in den frühen Morgenstunden auf dem Cemetary Hill gegen 3:00 A.M. im Divisionshauptquartier der 3rd Division I Army Corps auf BrigGen George J. *Stannard (3rd Brigade [2nd Vermont Brigade] 3rd Division Thomas A. Rowley 1st Army Corps Abner Doubleday). Stannard hatte Dienst als Night's General Field Officer und gab Meade einen Lagebericht (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 58; *Paine, Wil­liam H.: Brief an Col. Meade vom 20.5.1866; Gettysburg Letterbook. George Gordon Meade Collection. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia).

 

 

III. Army Corps:

 

 

Literatur zu III. Army Corps

- Cavada, Adolphus F.: Dairy, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (US-Captain; 1863 Stabsoffizier in Stab von BrigGen Andrew A. *Humpheys 2nd Division III Army Corps Daniel E. *Sickles Army of the Potomac; Battle of Gettysburg [vgl. Pfanz: The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 55]).

 

 

 

XII. Army Corps:

MajGen Henry W. Slocum

 

1st Division Alpheus S. Williams:

Die Division traf am späten Nachmittag des 1.7.1863 in Gettysburg ein, verließ den Baltimore Pike ostwärts von Rock Creek und marschierte von da in nördlicher Richtung zum Wolf Hill, dem signifikanten Hügel, der das östliche Ende des Schlachtfeldes bildet (vgl. Karte bei Martin: Gettysburg July 1, a.a.O., S. 537). Williams Vorhut traf beim weiteren zum Vorrücken zum nördlich der Hano­ver Road gelegenen Benner’s Hill (Karte bei Martin: Gettysburg 1 July, a.a.O., S. 537) an der Hanover Road auf CS-Skirmishers. Nachdem Williams vom Rückzug des I Army Corps und des XI Army Corps auf Culp’s Hill erfahren hatte, zog er seine Division zu­nächst zurück zum Baltimore Pike, wo die Truppe die ersten Nachtstunden verbrachte.

 

Die Division lag am frühen Morgen des 2.7.1863 ostwärts des Wolf Hill und Wolf Creek. Nach rechts zum Culp's Hill war eine Frontlücke (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 59; Karte bei Symonds, a.a.O., S. 44). William’s Division drang er­neut am frühen Morgen des 2.7.1863 nach Norden vor und stieß erneut mit CS-Truppen östlich Rock Creek zusammen (vgl. Pfanz, a.a.O., S. 59; OR [I]: 773-77).

 

Literatur:

- Quaife, Milo M. (ed.): From the Cannon's Mouth, the Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams (Detroit: Wayne State Uni­versity Press, 1959).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ortsglossar

 

 

 

Barlow's Knoll:

(Blocher's Knoll); Hügel nordöstlich von Gettysburg, a wooded hill [Barlow's Knoll] on the west side of Rock Creek (vgl. Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal Early, CSA, commanding division Ewell's Corps; abgedruckt bei Luvaas/Nelson: Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 44). Hier wurde US-Gen Barlow schwer verwundet, und wurde von CS-Gen Gordon aufgefunden.

 

Die Division Early aus Ewell's CS-Corps griff am 1.7.1863 aus nordwestlicher Richtung nach Süden entlang der Harrisburg Road an. Early had planned a cannonade as preparation of an attack on the extreme right flank of the Union line (gehalten von Howard's XI Corps). Diese führte zu einem heavy cross fire with twelve guns on Howard's battle line. Gordon's Brigade was in the lead of Early's Angriff, geführt zur Unterstützung der voraus geworfenen Brigade Doles, deren Skirmishers von den US-Truppen geworfen worden waren, worauf sich Doles' Brigade zum Rückzug gezwungen sah. Bei der Annäherung an die US-Linien stellte Gordon fest, daß the right flank of the forces attacking Doles was protected by what proved to be von Gilsa's First Brigade of Barlow's Division, 1300 strong. It occupied the crest of a wooden knoll northwest of the road and curled around its lower edges (vgl. Coddington: Gettysburg Campaign, a.a.O., S. 291). Since then, the battle spot has been called 'Barlow's Knoll'. Nowadays no longer wooded, it is easily seen from the Heidlersburg (Harrisburg) Road about a mile north of the center of town (vgl. Coddington: Gettysburg Campaign, a.a.O., S. 697 n27).

 

Hierzu heißt es bei http://www.historynet.com/general-barlow-and-general-gordon-meet-on-blochers-knoll.htm:

What happened to Francis Barlow in the next hour as his division fled and the Confederates came upon him became the subject of one of the great romantic legends of the Civil War. The story of his presumed experiences was cited as evidence of mutual respect and comradeship across the battle lines and was pressed into the cause of national reconciliation after Reconstruction. The first pu­blished version of the story, which probably originated with General Gordon, was in print in a Georgia newspaper by 1879. Over time, the account was elaborated with extended dialogue and detail. The basic story, as printed in 1879, went that as Barlow’s divisi­on withdrew toward Culp’s Hill, Gordon rode forward with his men and spied Barlow lying on the ground badly wounded. Gordon stopped, dismounted and gave Barlow a drink from his canteen.

 

The Confederate then inquired Barlow’s name and, assuming he would not survive, asked if he had any final requests. ‘I shall probab­ly live but a short time,’ the badly wounded Yankee replied. ‘Please take from my breast pocket the packet of my wife’s letters and read one of them to me.’ Gordon complied, after which Barlow asked that he destroy the letters, as he did not want them to fall into anyone else’s hands. Gordon tore up the missives and inquired if there was anything else he could do for his grievously stricken enemy. Barlow replied affirmatively. ‘My wife is behind our army,’ he explained. ‘Can you send a message through the lines?’ ‘Cer­tainly I will,’ Gordon replied, and directed that Barlow be carried off to the shade of a tree in the rear.

 

Later in the day Gordon succeeded in getting word to the Army of the Potomac that Barlow was badly wounded and asked that his wife be informed. Despite all professional prognostications, Barlow recovered from his wound and went on to play a major role in the ferocious fighting of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s Overland campaign and the siege of Petersburg in 1864. The story then proceeds to a heartwarming conclusion. According to the popular account, Gordon simply assumed Barlow had died. Barlow later heard that a General Gordon had died and was certain this was his Gettysburg Samaritan, though it was actually Gordon’s cousin, Brig. Gen. Ja­mes B. Gordon, who was killed at Meadow Bridge, Va. The story of the Barlow-Gordon encounter ended with the unexpected mee­ting of the two former opponents at a dinner party hosted by Democratic Congressman Clarkson N. Potter in 1879. Upon being intro­duced to each other, Gordon said (here again, the exchange became more elaborate in later versions), ‘General Barlow, are you rela­ted to the officer of your name who was killed at Gettysburg?’ ‘I am the man,’ Barlow replied. ‘Are you related to the Gordon who is supposed to have killed me?’ ‘I am the man,’ Gordon said. The two officers expressed mutual surprise and fell into hearty conversati­on, beginning a friendship that would endure until Barlow’s death in 1896.

 

The Gordon-Barlow story appealed to late Victorian sentimentality and the prevailing desire to heal the wounds of the war. It was fre­quently reprinted and became even more elaborate in some later accounts. A rendition with extended chivalric dialogue appeared in McClure’s Magazine in the 1880s. That version was reprinted in Campfire and Battlefield, a popular history published in 1894. Yet another variant appeared in James A. Scrymser’s 1915 book In Times of Peace and War, in which both Early and Gordon discover Barlow lying on the battlefield. In that account, Gordon asked whether something should be done for him, to which Early responded, ‘No, he is too far gone.’ On hearing this, Barlow raised himself up, somehow recognized the Confederate division commander, and shaking his fist vowed, ‘General Early I will live to lick you yet, damn you.’ This alleged exchange was repeated in the volume New York State issued in 1923 to commemorate the unveiling of a statue of Barlow on what had been renamed from Blocher’s to Barlow’s Knoll.

 

But it was the tender encounter between Gordon and Barlow that continued to evoke the most interest. The exchange was accepted and repeated, apparently without contradiction or challenge into the 1970s. James Montgomery’s The Shaping of a Battle: Gettys­burg (1959) recounted the battlefield meeting, including all the sentimental Victorian dialogue. Ezra Warner’s Generals in Blue (1964) contains a brief mention of the story.

 

In 1985 William F. Hanna challenged the accepted truth about Barlow’s fate at Gettysburg in his article ‘A Gettysburg Myth Explo­ded’ that appeared in Civil War Times Illustrated. Hanna charged that no such meeting had occurred, and made a strong case to sup­port his thesis. Since that time, it has become common to consign the Barlow-Gordon encounter to the category of fable“.

 

 

 

 

View from Barlow's Knoll of the Blocher farm (http://www.civilwaralbum.com/gettysburg/barlow1.htm)

 

Barlow's Knoll to the south (note monument near tree) (http://www.civilwaralbum.com/gettysburg/barlow1.htm)

 

 

Benner’s Hill:

Hügel nördlich der Hanover Road

 

1st Division Alpheus S. Williams traf am späten Nachmittag des 1.7.1863 in Gettysburg ein, verließ den Baltimore Pike ostwärts von Rock Creek und marschierte von da in nördlicher Richtung zum Wolf Hill, dem signifikanten Hügel, der das östliche Ende des Schlachtfeldes bildet (vgl. Karte bei Martin: Gettysburg July 1, a.a.O., S. 537). Williams Vorhut traf beim weiteren zum Vorrücken zum nördlich der Hano­ver Road gelegenen Benner’s Hill (Karte bei Martin: Gettysburg 1 July, a.a.O., S. 537) an der Hanover Road auf CS-Skirmishers. Nachdem Williams vom Rückzug des I Army Corps und des XI Army Corps auf Culp’s Hill erfahren hatte, zog er seine Division zu­nächst zurück zum Baltimore Pike, wo die Truppe die ersten Nachtstunden verbrachte.

 

Karte:

- Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 185

- Martin: Gettysburg 1 July, a.a.O., S. 537

 

 

Bliss Farm:

The Bliss Farm was located between Seminary and Cemetary Ridge and both the Confederates and Union troops fought to control this site

 

Literatur:

- Christ, Elwood Christ: The Struggle for the Bliss Farm at Gettysburg July 2nd and 3rd 1863. "Over a Wide Hot ... Crimson Plain" (Butternut and Blue 1994, 2nd Edition); 228 pp; detailed maps; 49 photos and illustrations. Anm.: The Bliss Farm was located bet­ween Seminary and Cemetary Ridge and both the Confederates and Union troops fought to control this site; this battle not covered in either of the Pfanz books; Christ is a guide for the Gettysburg Battlefield Park

 

 

 

Cemetery Ridge:

 

Map by Hal Jespersen, www.posix.com/CW: Overview map of the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Cemetery Ridge is located slightly left of center

 

 

 

Codori Farm:

The Codori Farm was “ground zero” for Pickett’s Charge and is one of the battlefields best known landmarks due to its central locati­on. The house, built in 1834, is the oldest structure on the farmstead.

 

The Codori Farm is just south of Gettysburg on the east side of Emmitsburg Road. It was the scene of heavy fighting on July 2 and was at the center of Pickett's Charge on July 3. The farmhouse was there at the time of the battle, although a two story brick addition was added to its rear in 1877. The current barn is a replacement for the original was torn down in 1882.

 

The farm was owned by Nicholas Codori, who came to America from Alsace, France, in 1828 at the age of 19. He bought the 273 acre farm in 1854, replacing the original log house with today's two story frame building. A butcher, Nicholas lived in town at 44 York Street (now the The Brafferton Inn Bed and Breakfast) and rented the farm to tenants. One of the original parishioners of St. Francis Xavier Church, Nicholas offered his home on York Street for Mass while the church served as a hospital from the time of the battle until January of 1864.

 

On July 2, two regiments of Harrow’s Union brigade moved forward to the road astride the house to confront a major attack by Con­federate infantry. Their position was overrun; wounded sought shelter within the house.

 

On July 3, the house proved an obstacle to Garnett’s Virginia brigade as it participated in the Pickett-Pettigrew Assault. Confederate wounded joined Union wounded in the house until the conclusion of the battle. Confederate General Kemper was carried to the shel­ter of the walls of the farms buildings when wounded during the attack, prior to being carried off the field.

 

The Codori Farmhouse is one of three in the park exhibiting battle damage to the interior. The board interior wall on the south end of the living room may be the only Civil War-era interior fabric still surviving from the battle era.

 

It is not clear who occupied the farm at the time of the battle. One story is that was Nicholas' niece, Catharine Codori Staub, and her husband John Staub, who took refuge in the basement during the fighting. According to Jane Riley, who was a toddler at the time of the battle, it was her parents, John and Talitha Reiley.

 

It was estimated that over 500 Confederate soldiers were buried on the farm after the battle.

 

In 1868 Nicholas Codori sold his Emmitsburg Road farm. It was useless for farming purposes because it was now a mass grave for Confederate soldiers. However, by 1872, all of the remains that could be located were removed from the fields and shipped south and Codori bought the farm back.

 

The farm was sold to Gettysburg National Military Park in 1907. Today the farm is owned by the National Park Service and the farm­house is a residence for park personnel (aus: http://civilwarwiki.net/wiki/Codori_Farm_[Gettysburg])

 

Am 1.7.1863 ritt General Reynolds nach seinem Treffen mit Gen Buford am Seminary zurück zur Codori Farm, wo er auf das Eintref­fen der Division Wadsworth wartete. Hier befahl er seiner Eskorte, die Zäune niederzulegen, die den Vormarsch seines Corps über die Felder und Wiesen nach Westen behindert hätten. Nach dem Eintreffen der Brigade Cutler wurden deren Regimenter nach Westen über die Felder über Seminary Ridge zu McPherson's Ridge befohlen (vgl. Newton: McPherson's Ridge, a.a.O., S. 39).

Codori Farm 2008 (http://www.mikelynaugh.com/)

 

Karte:

- Nolan: Iron Brigade, a.a.O., S. 231

- Pfanz: Gettysburg Second Day, a.a.O., S. 120

 

 

Culp’s Hill:

Anhöhe östlich von Cemetery Ridge

 

Von Culp's Hill aus konnte mit der Artillerie der ganze Cemetery Ridge beschossen werden; Cemetery Ridge, auf die sich das XI. und I. US-Corps gerade gegen 16:00 am 1.7.1863 in desolatem Zustand zurückgezogen hatten, wäre bei einer Eroberung von Culp's Hill durch die Konföderierten nicht mehr haltbar gewesen (vgl. Letter from General Meade to G. G. Benedikt vom 16.3.1870, abgedruckt bei Stack­pole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 150).

 

Am 1.7.1863 gegen 16:00 gab Gen Lee durch persönlichen Boten (Lee's Adjutant General Col W. H. Taylor) den Befehl: „“He [Gen. Lee] could see the enemy retreating over those hills, without organization, and in great confusion; that it was only ne­cessary to press 'those people' in order to secure possession of the heights; and if possible, he wished General Ewell to do this“ (vgl. Stackpole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 149; vgl. Taylor, W. H.: The Campaign in Pennsylvania“; in: Annals of the War, a.a.O., S. 308). Lee's message to Ewell reached the latter early in the afternoon, before US Maj­Gen Hancock had come up to Cemetery Ridge and was bringing order into the Union ranks. Ewell's corps had suffered heavily in the days fighting and both Ewell and Gen Hill had earlier received specific orders from Lee not to bring on a general engagement, but to wait until the army was assembled. Johnson's Division of Ewell's corps had not yet arrived, so in the exercise of the discretion which Lee invariably permitted to his corps commanders, and also having in mind Lee's earlier admonition, Ewell vacillated. Finally, despi­te vehement urging from at least two of his general officers, he put off the pursuit until evening (vgl. Stackpole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 149-150). Aber, so berichtet General Meade in einem Brief an G. G. Benedikt vom 16.3.1870 (abgedruckt bei Stack­pole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 150) über ein Gespräch mit Gen. Ewell geführt kurz nach dem Krieg, hätte er [Ewell] gegen 16:00 einen Befehl von General Lee erhalten, den unbesetzten Culp's Hill nicht anzugreifen. Ewell teilte in diesem Gespräch weiter mit „that he sent to General Lee urging to be permitted to advance with his reserves, but the reply was a reiteration of the previous order“ (vgl. Stack­pole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 150-151, zitiert nach Jacob Hoke: The Great Invasion, 1887, S. 289). Gen Meade schreibt weiter: „To my inquiry why Lee had restraint him, he said our troops (Slocum's [Anm.: XII US-Corps]) were visible, and Lee was under the impression that the greater part of my army was on the ground, and deemed it prudential to await the rest of his“ (vgl. Stack­pole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 150-151, zitiert nach Jacob Hoke: The Great Invasion, 1887, S. 289).

 

Culp's Hill, initially unoccupied, and at 18:00 only lightly held was the key to victory. But Ewell failed to press forward, and a golden opportunity was lost to the Confederates (vgl. Stack­pole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 152).

 

Culp’s Hill as seen from East Cemetery Hill. Notice how above the white tent, in the right background, how the trees are not present. This area without trees is the view that the National Park Service is attempting to restore. This view was taken facing southeast circa July, 1863. (vgl. http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/culps-hill-tree-removal-progress-the-iron-brigades-position).

 

Karte:

- Venner: 19th Indiana Infantry, a.a.O., S. 95

 

Literatur:

- **Greene, George S.: „The Breastworks at Culp's Hill. B&L,, a.a.O., vol. 3:31

 

 

Gettysburg:

s. auch *McPherson’s House; *Railroad Cut

 

 

Houck's Ridge:

other name for Devil's Den; a low ridge, named for John Houck, who owned 47 acres on the ridge's eastern slope. The ridge, its crest rising approximately 60 feet above the valley, sloped gradually downward to the north (vgl. Penny/Lane: Struggle for the Round Tops, a.a.O., S. 25).

 

 

Lee’s Headquarters:

Lee’s Headquarter befand sich am westlichen Abhang von Seminary Ridge auf der Südseite des Chambersburg Pike (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg. The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 104).

 

 

Meade’s Headquarter:

Meade’s Hauptquartier befand sich in Widow Lydia Leister’s House. Das kleine Holzhaus lag an der Taneytown Road hinter Cemete­ry Hill (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg: The Second Day, a.a.O., S. 61).

 

Karte:

- Davis, a.a.O., Nr. 95

 

Photo:

- Time Life Books, Reihe "Voices of the Civil War": Gettysburg, Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik50/4, S. 140

 

Literatur:

- Jacobs, M.: Notes on the Rebel Invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania and the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1st, 2nd and 3rd, 1863 (Philadelphia, 1864)

 

 

Herbst Woods:

Waldstück am westlichen Abhang von McPherson’s Ridge; der Wald erstreckt sich bis zum Willoughby Run; hier erfolgte am 1.7.1863 nach 10.00 der Angriff der 2nd Wisconsin Infantry / Iron Brigade gegen die 14th Tennessee Infantry / Archer’s Brigade (vgl. Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 141).

 

Herbst Woods or sometimes called McPherson Woods, now known as Reynolds Woods, is a wooded area west of McPherson Ridge near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The small wooded area was the location of a military engagement during the first day at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1, 1863. The battle near the woods was around 10 a.m. on the first day of battle at Gettys­burg. Confederate Brigadier General James J. Archer took two brigades, consisting of the 1st, 7th and 14th Tennessee Regiments, as well as the 13th Alabama Regiment over Willoughby Run and through Herbst Woods to engage the Union brigades. The Confedera­tes would face off against Brigadier General Solomon Meredith and his brigades consisting of the 19th Indiana, 24th Michigan, 2nd Wisconsin and 7th Wisconsin Regiments. When the fight was over at Herbst Woods (battle),[2] Archer was captured and the Union I Corps Commander John F. Reynolds was killed. Today Herbst Woods (Reynolds Woods) is renamed in honor of Major General Reynolds (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbst_Woods).

 

A mid-July Matthew Brady image looking southeast into the edge of Herbst Woods near where Reynolds fell (vgl. Library of Congress). (Anm.: The civilians are believed to be photographer Brady [right] and John Burns, a citizen of Gettysburg who fought in the battle [vgl. Stackpole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 121]).

 

 

Detail from mid-July 1863 Brady photograph of the McPherson farm looking south to Herbst Woods. Note the mature nature of the woods and lack of undergrowth (vgl. . NPS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Map showing major landscape features of the McPherson Ridge, Herbst Woods area, and the approximate location that Reynolds fell (aus Gettysburg National Military Park, GNMP).

 

 

Karte:

- Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 150

 

 

Herr Ridge:

Höhenzug westlich von Willoughby Run südlich des Chambersburg Pike; Herr Ridge lag 1300 Yards westlich von McPherson’s Ridge und 4 Meilen westlich von Gettysburg (vgl. Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 183); Herr Ridge war am 1.7.1863 die westlichste US-Stellung; Buford’s Cavalry stellte dort am 30.6.1863 Vorposten aus Gamble’s Brigade auf (vgl. Longacre: The Ca­valry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 183). Die CS-Vorposten eine Meile westlich von Herr Ridge wurden am Abend des 30.6.1863 verstärkt (vgl. Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 184). Heth’s Division griff am 1.7.1863 gegen 8.00 massiert Buford’s Cavalry bei Herr Ridge an (vgl. Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 187). Pegram's Artillery beschoß am 1.7.1863 gegen 11.00 von Stellung bei Herr Ridge aus die US-Infantry *Fowler's am Bloody Railroad Cut (vgl. Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 137).

 

Karte:

- Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 185

 

 

Herbst Woods:

the name applied now because a John Herbst owned it at the time of the battle, was commonly called McPherson woods (vgl. Pfanz: Gettysburg – First Day, a.a.O., S xiv).

 

 

Herr Ridge:

Hügellinie 1300 yards westlich von McPherson's Ridge; teilweise bewaldet. Hier befand sich am Morgen des 1.7.1863 die Vorpo­stenlinie von General Buford's Cavalry Division, gebildet durch Gamble's Ca­valry Brigade.

 

Col. George H. Chapman befehligte am 1.7.1863 Teile der Verteidigungslinie der Cavalry Brigade Gamble bei McPherson's Ridge bestehend aus 12th Illinois Cavalry und 3rd Indiana Cavalry (vgl. Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 74) bzw. Colonel George Chapman led the two of the 12th Illinois Cavalry and 3rd Indiana Cavalry, Gamble's Cavalry Brigade at the northern end of General Buford's picket line at Herr Ridge (westlich vor McPherson's Ridge). Major John Beveridge held the center with Gamble's own 8th Illinois; and LtCol William Markell's 8th New York took the left flank (vgl. Newton: McPherson's Ridge, a.a.O., S. 19).

 

Cavalry delaying action, 7:00–10:00 a.m. (vgl. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day)

 

 

Little Pipe Creek:

Fluß in nördlichen Maryland; im Juli 1863 beabsichtigte Meade aus Verteidigungsstellungen auf den Höhen hinter dem Little Pipe Creek die Verteidigung gegen Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia zu führen. Meade beabsichtigte zunächst nicht den Kampf in Gettys­burg aufzunehmen (vgl. Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 184).

 

Literatur:

- Klein, Frederic Shriver: “Meade’s Pipie Creek Line,” Maryland Historical Magazine 57 (1962): 133-149

- Longacre: The Cavalry at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 184

 

 

McPherson‘s House:

ein Farmhaus westlich von Gettysburg, westlich von McPherson‘s Ridge gelegen, hart südlich des Chambersburg Pike, nahe vom *Railroad Cut; Ort der Kämpfe vom 1.7.1863

 

This 1880s to 1890s photograph of the McPherson farm is somewhat misleading. In 1863, there were only three buildings on the McPherson Farm: the barn, a one-story house, and a wagon shed. The barn, of course, is in the same location as it is today, although it has had some postwar additions. The wagon shed to the left of the barn would have been in the same location, but in 1863 the entrance was oriented from north to south instead of east to west as shown here. The house shown in this photograph is an 1880s house which burned in 1895. The 1863 house was one story, and like the 1863 wagon shed, was oriented from north to south instead of east to west as the two-story house is. The small, white, “chicken-coop” building between the wagon shed and the house did not exist in 1863. The building east of the house did not exist in 1863. This view was taken facing southwest between 1880 and 1895 (aus:http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000).

 

 

The capped well located on the McPherson Farm; Blick auf die Scheune von McPherson's Farm

 

 

 

Just to the south of the well is a small group of trees where the McPherson House was located. It was a one story house in 1863. This view was taken facing southwest at approximately 1:45 PM on Sunday, November 23, 2008 (aus:http://www.google.de/imgres?im­gurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000).

 

Karte:

- Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 124

 

 

McPherson's Ridge:

 

 

 

The I Corps was deploying along McPherson Ridge with Cutler's brigade on the Union right and the Iron Brigade on the left. Facing Cutler was Joseph Davis's Mississippi Brigade. Davis was the nephew of president Jefferson Davis, and he advanced his men against Cutler. The Union troops were hard pressed, and eventually the three rightmost regiments were ordered to fall back. But the 147th New York did not get the order. The New Yorkers began to be surrounded by the Confederates, since the regiments next to them had retreated. However, General Wadsworth saw their plight and sent an officer to order them to retreat. With the order given they retrea­ted at a run. The flagbearer was shot as he retreated and fell, and as the flag was a valuable symbol for the regiment, rather than leave it on the field a sergeant ripped the flag from the staff, rolled it up and carried it from the field. They had to pass through a railroad cut which went through the field, and many were shot by the Confederates as they stopped to climb the steep embankment (aus:http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000).

 

 

The fight was also increasing in furry on the Union left. The Iron Brigade was sent into McPherson's woods against Archer's brigade. At first only the 2nd Wisconsin was sent in. The men had not been expecting a fight, so they had to load their rifles while running forward into battle. In the heavy fighting many men fell. The Yankees were soon reinforced by the rest of the Iron Brigade. They pu­shed through the woods and drove out the Confederates, taking those prisoner who did not retreat fast enough. Brigadier General Ja­mes Archer himself was captured. His health had not been good and he did not have the strength to retreat. A private found him and brought him to the rear. He was the first general captured from the Army of Northern Virginia since Lee had taken command, a bad sign for Confederate victory in this battle (aus:http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com- mons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000).

 

On the right Davis's brigade pursued the rightmost regiments of Cutler's brigade. Wadsworth met this by sending in the 6th Wiscon­sin of the Iron Brigade, which had been held for such a need as this. The advance of the Wisconsin regiment was supported by sever­al regiments from Cutler. Coming down on Davis's flank as they were advancing, they opened fire on the Confederates. Rufus Dawes, commanding the 6th Wisconsin, later wrote:

 

„We were receiving a fearfully destructive fire from the hidden enemy. Men who had been shot were leaving the ranks in crowds. With the colors at the advance point, the regiment firmly and hurriedly moved forward, while the whole field behind streamed with men who had been shot,

 

Dawes

 

and who were struggling to the rear or sinking in death upon the ground. The only commands I gave, as we advanced, were, Align on the colors! Close up on the colors! Close up on the colors! The regiment was being so broken up that this order alone could hold the body together. Meanwhile the colors fell upon the ground several times but were raised again by the heroes of the color guard. Four hundred and twenty men started in the regiment from the turnpike fence, of whom about two hundred and forty reached the railroad cut. Years afterward I found the distance passed over to be one hundred and seventy-five paces. Every officer proved brave, true, and heroic in encouraging the men to breast the deadly storm, but the real impetus was the eager and determined valor of our men who carried muskets in the ranks.“

 

There was hard fighting over the colors of the 2nd Mississippi, which had been placed out in front of the railroad cut which the Con­federates occupied. The entire Confederate color guard was killed or wounded and the flag staff was splintered with many holes through the flag. Many Yankees were shot as they rushed for the flag. Finally Corporal Frank Waller killed the Confederate flag bea­rer and ripped it from his hands, and continued firing at the Confederates. For this action he was awarded the Medal of Honor. 

 

 

When the Federals reached the Confederate line they found that the rebels had become disorganized and fled into the railroad cut. Dawes continued: 

My notice that we were upon the enemy, was a general cry from our men of: Throw down your muskets! Down with your muskets! Running forward through our line of men, I found myself face to face with hundreds of rebels, whom I looked down upon in the rail­road cut, which was, where I stood, four feet deep. Adjutant Brooks, equal to the emergency, quickly placed about twenty men across the cut in position to fire through it. ... I shouted: Where is the colonel of this regiment? An officer in gray, with stars on his collar, who stood among the men in the cut ... promptly handed me his sword, and his men, who still held them, threw down their muskets. ... It would have been the handsome thing to say, Keep your sword, sir, but I was new to such occasions, and when six other officers came up and handed me their swords, I took them also. I held this awkward bundle in my arms until relieved by Adjutant Brooks.

 

Around noon there was a lull in the fighting. Heth had expected to meet only light resistance on his move to Gettysburg, but instead he had gotten himself involved in a battle, and was loosing it. A. P. Hill and Lee had ridden to the sound of firing. Since the battle had already begun, Hill decided to deploy his entire corps. He placed them in a line which went along Herr ridge and then bent around on the left to Oak Hill. Artillery was deployed which opened fire on the Union line.

 

 

In this 1880s photograph by William Tipton, the photographer is standing on McPherson’s Ridge, on the right (north) side of the Chambersburg Pike. The McPherson Farm would be out of sight to the left (south). Herr’s Ridge, from where Confederate Artillery first opened on McPherson’s Ridge, is approximately three-fourths of a mile in the distance. The Herr Tavern/House is to the left (south) of the Chambersburg Pike, and the Herr Barn is vi­sible to the left of the Tavern/House. This view was taken facing west in the 1880s (aus:http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https://upload. wiki­media.org/wikipedia/com- mons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000).

 

 

Oak Hill, Oak Ridge:

Hügel im Nordwesten von Gettysburg.

 

Nachdem am Morgen des 1.7.1863 MajGen Reynolds mit dem XI Corps westlich von Gettysburg eintraf und Buford's Cavalry bei McPherson's ablöste, setzte Buford die Cavalry Brigade Devin im Nordwesten von Gettysburg in der Gegend von Oak Hill ein, to dispute the advance of Ewell's troops who were approaching Gettysburg from the North by the Carlisle and Harrisburg roads. There the hard-fighting cavalrymen forced Rodes' Confederate division to deploy and slow down (vgl. Stackpole: They met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 130-31).

 

While the initial test of strength was being determined west of Gettysburg by advance units, the main bulk of the two armies was pounding over the roads from the north and south, converging upon the ground chosen by Buford. Rodes' Confederates, hurrying southward from Carlisle to meet Lee at Cashtown, received orders at Biglerville to march to Gettysburg. Early, returning from York with Cashtown as his objective, learned at Heidlersburg of the action at Gettysburg and was ordered to approach by way of the Har­risburg Road (vgl. http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/gettysburg/c1.htm).

 

Employing the wooded ridge as a screen from Union cavalry north of Gettysburg, Rodes brought his guns into position on Oak Ridge about 1 o'clock and opened fire on the flank of Gen. Abner Doubleday, Reynolds' successor, on McPherson Ridge. The Union com­mander shifted his lines northeastward to Oak Ridge and the Mummasburg Road to meet the new attack. Rodes' Confederates struck the Union positions at the stone wall on the ridge, but the attack was not well coordinated and resulted in failure. Iverson's brigade was nearly annihilated as it made a left wheel to strike from the west. In the meantime, more Union troops had arrived on the field by way of the Taneytown Road. Two divisions of Howard's Eleventh corps were now taking position in the plain north of the town, in­tending to make contact with Doubleday's troops on Oak Ridge (vgl. http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/ gettysburg/ c1.htm).

 

Doles' Confederate brigade charged across the plain and was able to force Howard's troops back temporarily, but it was the opportune approach of Early's division from the northeast on the Harrisburg Road which rendered the Union position north of Gettysburg inde­fensible. Arriving in the early afternoon as the Union men were establishing their position. Early struck with tremendous force, first with his artillery and then with his infantry, against General Barlow. Soon he had shattered the entire Union force. The remnants bro­ke and turned southward through Gettysburg in the direction of Cemetery Hill. In this headlong and disorganized flight General Schimmelfenning was lost from his command, and, finding refuge in a shed, he lay 2 days concealed within the Confederate lines. In the path of Early's onslaught lay the youthful Brigadier Barlow severely wounded, and the gallant Lieut. Bayard Wilkeson, whose battery had long stood against overwhelming odds, mortally wounded (vgl. http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/ gettysburg/ c1.htm).

 

[Scene north of Gettysburg from Oak Ridge]

Scene north of Gettysburg from Oak Ridge. The Federal position may he seen near the edge of the open fields in the middle distance

(vgl. http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/ gettysburg/ c1.htm).

 

The Union men on Oak Ridge, faced with the danger that Doles would cut off their line of retreat, gave way and retired through Get­tysburg to Cemetery Hill. The withdrawal of the Union troops from the north and northwest left the Union position on McPherson Ridge untenable. Early in the afternoon, when Rodes opened fire from Oak Hill, Heth had renewed his thrust along the Chambers­burg Pike. His troops were soon relieved and Pender's division, striking north and south of the road, broke the Union line. The Union troops first withdrew to Seminary Ridge, then across the fields to Cemetery Hill. Here was advantageous ground which had been se­lected as a rallying point if the men were forced to relinquish the ground west and north of the town. Thus, by 5 o'clock, the remnants of the Union forces (some 6,000 out of the 18,000 engaged in the first day's struggle) were on the hills south of Gettysburg (vgl. http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/ gettysburg/ c1.htm).

 

 

 

 

aus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day

 

Urkunden/Literatur:

- **Griffin, D. Massy: „Rodes on Oak Hill: A Study of Rodes' Division on the First Day of ,“ Gettysburg Magazine, 4 (1991), 33-48

 

 

Peach Orchard:

 

 

 

aus http://www.google.de/Peach Orchard

 

 

eines der wenigen Original-Photos des Peach Orchard (vgl. http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https://americanorchard.files.wordpress.com)

 

Literatur:

- Stackpole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O. S. 206-211

 

 

Railroad Cut:

bei Gettysburg; der “Bloody Rail Cut”, ein Geländeeinschnitt von 600 foot Länge in westlich-östlicher Richtung für die im Bau be­griffene Eisenbahnlinie Gettysburg-Chambersburg nördlich des Chambersburg Pike; Schauplatz der blutigen Kämpfe am 1.7.1863, insbesondere zwischen der 6th Wisconsin / Iron Brigade und Davis’ Brigade.

 

Der mittlere Abschnitt des Railroad Cut war als Stellung nur teilweise geeignet. Er wies steile Wände auf, an denen die Soldaten kei­ne Halt fanden und war als Schützengraben daher ungeeignet. Er hatte eine Tiefe von 10 bis 15 Fuß, in ihm waren die Soldaten regel­recht eingeschlossen und hatten weder Blick- noch Schußfeld (vgl. Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 125).

 

Karte:

- Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 124

 

Literatur:

- Davis, Joseph R.: Letter to Jubal A. Early, 12.3.1878; Early Papers, Library of the Congress

- Dawes, Rufus: "Align on the Colors," (zum Angriff auf den Bloody Railroad Cut bei Gettysburg am 1.7.1863); Milwauckee Sun­day Telegraph, 27. April 1890

- **Hartwig, D. Scott: „Guts and Good Leadership: The Action at the Railroad Cut, July 1, 1863.“ Gettysburg Magazine, 1 (1989): 5-14

- Herdegen, Lance J., and William J. K. Beaudot: In the Bloody Railroad Cut at Gettysburg (Dayton: Press of Morningside Book­shop, 1990)

- *Kellog, John A.: Letter vom 1.11.1865 an John B. Bachelder; in Bachelder Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire (US-Captain im Stab von Cutler’s Brigade; Kellog beobachtete den Angriff am Bloody Railroad cut am 1.7.1863 vom Waldrand bei Seminary Ridge; vgl. Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 135).

- *Klein, Augustus (Pvt Klein Co E 6th Wisconsin Infantry): War Letter (über die Ereignisse am 1.7.1863 bei Gettysburg am Bloody *Railroad Cut; Privately owned (zitiert nach Nolan: Iron Brigade, a.a.O., S. 386)

- Long, Roger: "A Mississippian in the Railroad Cut," (zu Captain *Woollard); The Gettysburg Magazine, No. 4: 22-23

- *Murphy, W. B. (Sgt 2nd Mississippi Infantry): Letter v. 29.9.1900 am F. A. Dearborn; in: E. S. Bragg Papers, State Historical So­ciety of Wisconsin

- Okey, Cornelius W.: "Echoes of Gettysburg." Milwauckee Sunday Telegraph 29. April 1883

- *Vairin Diary (Sgt Vairin 55th North Carolina Infantry): (vgl. Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 622n236; zitiert nach Jordan: North Ca­rolina Troops, Vol. 13, S. 377-78)

- *Woollard, Leander G. (CS-Captain Co B 42nd Mississippi Infantry): "Journal of Events and Incidents as they came to the Obser­vation of the 'Senatobia Invincibles'." Unpublished Diary in Library of Memphis State University

 

 

Slaughter Pen:

 

Urkunden/Literatur:

- **Harrison, Kathleen Georg: „'Our Principal Loss Was in This Place': Action at the Slaughter Pen and at the South End of Houck's Ridge,“ Gettysburg Magazine, 1 (1989), 33-49

 

 

Slyder Farm:

The John Slyder farm was on the western side of Big Round Top, just down Plum Run from the Devil’s Den. John had moved from Maryland and bought the 75 acre farm in 1849. By the 1860’s it included a two story stone house, barn, blacksmith and carpenter shops, an orchard of peach and pear trees, thirty acres of timber and eighteen acres of meadow.

 

On July 2nd Confederate General John B. Hood’s Division swept across Slyder’s farm in its advance toward the Devil’s Den and Little Round Top. The crops and orchards were trampled and destroyed and the farm buildings became a Confederate field hospital, with the family’s possession looted or spoiled.

 

Two months after the battle, in September, John sold the farm and moved to Ohio.

 

The Slyder family had connections with other Gettysburg families. John’s wife Catherine was the sister of Lydia Leister, whose house became General Meade’s headquarters during the battle. And in October of 1863 John’s son William married Josephine Miller, the granddaughter of Peter and Susan Rogers, whose farm lay on Emmitsburg Road.

 

The farm passed to the Snyder family, who owned it around the turn of the century. It is now owned by the National Park Service. The monument to Companies E & H, Second United States Sharpshooters (Vermont Sharpshooters) is beside the driveway in front of the farmhouse (aus: http://gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/battlefield-farms/slyder-farm).

 

 

Wheatfield:

schloß sich in östlicher Richtung an den Peach Orchard an. Nachdem der Peach Orchard gefallen war, verlagerte sich das Zentrum der Kämpfe zum Wheatfield. In six successive attempts the Confederates captured the field and six times were driven back by vicious counterattacks (vgl. Stackpole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 210).

 

 

 

 

aus http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/maps/gettysburg-union-clears-the.jpg

 

 

Willoughby Run:

Bach westlich Gettysburg zwischen Herr Ridge und McPherson’s Ridge; Willoughby Run war lediglich knietief (vgl. Gaff: On Many a Bloody Field,. a.a.O., S. 257).

 

 

Gen Buford placed the six three-inch guns of Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery, commanded bei Lieutenant John H. Calef auf McPher­son's Ridge. Calef had 2 guns north of the Chambersburg Pike, two immediately south of that road, and the final two down the ridge toward Hagerstown Pike (vgl. Newton: McPherson's Ridge, a.a.O., S. 19). Auf McPherson's Ridge hatte Calef's Battery ausgezeich­netes Schußfeld mit Ausnahme der 300 yards südlich des Chambersburg Pike stehenden McPherson's oder Herbst Woods, several dozen acres of forest beginning just west of McPherson's ridge and extending down the (Willoughby's) Creek (vgl. Newton: McPher­son's Ridge, a.a.O., S. 19).

 

 

Here is an 1870s photograph of the area where the 150th Pennsylvania charged from left to right, or south to north to outflank the 32nd North Caroli­na who was moving up the slope from west to east (up the slope, toward the camera position). The toll house is located on the right (north) side of the pike at the bottom of the slope near Willoughby Run, and the toll keeper’s house on the left side of the pike. The Herr Barn is visible to the left of the tree above the toll keeper’s house. This view was taken facing northwest in the 1870s (aus:http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https://upload.wiki­media.org/wikipedia/com- mons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000).

 

Willoughby's Run at Gettysburg (Steve Stanley) (vgl. http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/gettysburg-2011).

 

Karte:

- Martin: Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 78, 150

- Venner: 19th Indiana Infantry, a.a.O., S. 73

 

Literatur:

- Shue, Richard S.: The morning at Willoughby Run, 1 July 1863 (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995)

 

 

Wolf Hill:

signifikanter Hügel, der das östliche Ende des Schlachtfeldes bildet

 

Karte:

- Martin: Gettysburg July 1, a.a.O., S. 537

 

 

 

 

Ziegler's Grove:

is near the western base of Cemetery Ridge (vgl. Stackpole: They Met at Gettysburg, a.a.O., S. 184), on the northern end of Cemetery Ridge marked the general positions held by General Alexander Hays' Division of the Union Second Corps. Adjacent to the grove is the Brian farm and farm buildings, including the small farm house used by General Hays for his headquarters. Artillerymen had set up their guns at the edge of the woods, which also provided shade from the warm afternoon sun. The grove was the only tall stand of trees on this portion of Cemetery Ridge which turned sharply eastward at this point to join into Cemetery Hill. Hays' men, with several regiments of the First Army Corps nearby, enjoyed a clear field of fire in three directions from this location and his skirmish line had successfully kept General Robert Rodes' division at bay during the second day of the battle and again on the morning of the 3rd (vgl. http://thomaslegion.net/zieglersgrovebattleofgettysburg.html).

 

Ziegler's Grove is located at Cemetery Ridge, where the now defunct Cyclorama building still stands. Ziegler's Grove is a circular-li­ke area that extends just beyond the southern end of the Cyclorama (its right side) and a few hundred feet to the left or north of the Cyclorama. It extends to the rear or east to the parking lot and west, to North Hancock Avenue (aus http://www.waymarking.com/ waymarks/WMCXC3_ Zieglers_Grove_Gettysburg_PA).

 

The grove is littered with scores of monuments, memorials and position parkers as this site as heavily fortified and protected by Uni­on Forced during the Battle of Gettysburg. The National Park Service has recently replanted some of the trees to make the grove ap­pear as it did during the day of the battle. The Cyclorama is also an item of controversy as some want it razed to make the grove ap­pear completely as it did during Pickett's Charge. Ziegler's Grove is currently on the NPS's restoration list (aus http://www. waymarking. com/waymarks/WMCXC3_Zieglers_Grove_Gettysburg_PA).

 

This small grove of oak, hickory and chestnut trees on the northern end of Cemetery Ridge marked the general positions held by Ge­neral Alexander Hays’ Division of the Union Second Corps. Near the grove is the Brian farm and farm buildings, including the small farm house used by General Hays for his headquarters. There are many Union monuments located in this area, including a bronze portrait of General Hays. The old National Park Visitor Center was located here but has been removed; pending a possible court batt­le, the old Cyclorama still stands here, marring the historic landscape and inhibiting restoration efforts (aus http://www. waymarking.com/waymarks/ WMCXC3_Zieglers_Grove_Gettysburg_PA).

 

Stretching southward from Ziegler's Grove was a line of stone walls that provided natural protection for the infantry regiments here and Hays' men used these strong walls for defensive positions. Rails that added height to the walls were taken down and piled on top of the stones to add height for the men kneeling and standing behind them. During Pickett's Charge, the wall south of the Brian barn bristled with infantrymen who fired down at the Confederates crossing the Emmitsburg Road, approximately 200 feet away. The Confederates who struck this portion of Cemetery Ridge were under the command of BrigGen James Johnston Petti­grew and Maj­Gen Isaac Trimble. Halted by heavy musketry from Hays' line, the southerners also suffered cannon fire from Union batteries on west Cemetery Hill and in Ziegler's Grove. Though many soldiers halted in the road to return fire, others followed their flag bearers over the fences and continued towards the stone wall. Soldiers fell by the dozens, but the flags continued forward. General Pettigrew had just conferred with General Trimble near the road when both were severely wounded, Pettigrew in the hand and Trimble in the leg; no supports could be seen coming to their aid. A lone Union regiment, the 8th Ohio Infantry, swung into the southern left flank, sen­ding deadly rifle fire down the road and hitting the crouching Confederates. The Confederate flags disappea­red, fallen into the smo­ke, not rising again as bearers and supporters were killed or wounded. There was nothing left for the painfully wounded Pettigrew to do but order a retreat (vgl. http://thomaslegion.net/zieglersgrovebattleofgettysburg.html).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Literaturverzeichnis:

 

 

Berichte der Einwohner:

 

- Alleman, Tillie P. (Einwohnerin von Gettysburg): At Gettysburg, Or What a Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle (Stan Clark; Reprint of 1888 Original); 128 pp. Introduction by William Frassanito; Maps; Photo. A young girl's account of events surrounding the battle of Gettysburg; firsthand account of observations by a young woman who spent the battle in a house at the base of Little Round Top

- Black, Linda G.: “Gettysburg’s Preview of War: Early’s June 26, 1863 Raid,” The Gettysburg Magazine, No. 2: 3-8 (detailed ac­count of Confederate avtivity in the town of Gettysburg on 26 June 1863, and reactions of the townspeople to the Confederate troops)

- McCurdy, Charles M. (Einwohner von Gettysburg): Gettysburg. A Memoir (Pittsburg, Pa., 1929)

- Warren, Leander H.: "Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg,"; transcript Adams Historical Society, Gettysburg, Pa.

- Warren, Leander H.: Memoirs (Adams Historical Society, Gettysburg, Pa.)

 

 

Memoirs:

- Allen, William H.: Memorandum; abgedruckt in: Maurice, Frederick (ed.): Lee's Aide-de-Camp, a.a.O., S. 247-252

- Heth, Henry: Letter to J. William Jones, June 1877, "Causes of Lee's Defeat at Gettysburg;" Southern Historical Papers, William Jo­nes et al. (eds.), 1876-1930, Richmond 4 (1877): 153-54

- Heth, Henry: The Memoirs Henry Heth (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974)

- Heth, Henry: "Letter from Major General Henry Heth of A. P. Hill's Corps, A.N.V."; SHSP, vol. 4 (1877), S. 151-160

- Hunt, Henry J. (US-Artillerie-Kommandeur): "The First Day at Gettysburg", in: Battles and Leaders, a.a.O., vol 3, S. 276 ff

- Hunt, Henry J.: "The Second Day at Gettysburg"; in: Battles & Leaders, 3:290-313

- Hunt, Henry J.: Three Days at Gettysburg. Edited by William R. Jones (Golden, Colorado: Outbooks, 1981)

- Hunt, Henry J.: Report of Henry Jackson Hunt, OR Vol. XXVII, part 1, 237

- Hunt, Henry J.: Letter to Bachelder from 20.1.1873; in: The Bachelder Papers: Gettysburg in Their own Words Volume I edited by David L. and Audrey J. Ladd (Dayton: Morningside House, 1994), S. 428-29

- Longstreet, James: “Lee in Pennsylvania”; in: Annals of the War, a.a.O., S. 417

- Longstreet, James: “Lee’s Invasion of Pennsylvania”; in: B & L III: 242-247

- Longstreet, James: From Manassas to Appomattox (Reprint der Originalausgabe: J. P. Lippincott Comp., 1895); Bibliothek Ref Mi­lAmerik78/3, 330-31

-Mosby, John S.: Stuart's Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign (1908; reprint Olde Soldier Books); 228 pp. Nevins calls this "A spiri­ted defense of Stuart's role in the campaign." This book covers from Brandy Station through the Gettysburg Campaign

- *Taylor, Walter H.: "The Campaign in Pennsylvania"; in: Annals of the War, a.a.O., S. 305 ff

 

 

 

Moderne Literatur:

- Coddington, Edwin B.: The Gettysburg Campaign. A Study in Command (New York: Touchstone Edition 1997 der Originalausgabe 1968); Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik50/8

- Gaff, Alan D.: “Here Was Made Out Our Last and Hopeless Stand”: The ‘Lost’ Gettysburg Reports of the Nineteenth Indiana,” Get­tysburg Magazine I (Winter 1990): 29-30

- Hassler, Warren Jr.: Crisis at the Crossroads: The first Day at Gettysburg (University, Alabama, 1970); 214 pp. Describes fighting in McPherson's Woods, along Seminary Ridge, the Railroad Cut, Oak Ridge, the 11th Corps line north of town and in the streets of Get­tysburg

- Longacre, Edward G.: The Cavalry at Gettysburg. A tactical Study of mounted Operations during the Civil War's Pivotal Campaign, 9 June-14 July 1863 (Lincoln and London: University of Nebrasca Press, 1986); Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik50

- Martin, David G.: Gettysburg July 1 (Combined Books: Mechanicsburg / PA, 1995); Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik50/9

- Morrison, James L., ed.: The Memoirs of Henry Heth, Westport Conn., 1974

- Pfanz, Harry W.: Gettysburg. The Second Day (University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik50/10

- Venner, William Thomas: The 19th Indiana Infantry at Gettysburg, Bibliothek Ref MilAmerik4